Operating microscope at spine and cranial operations: from monocular to 3D visualization
Abstract
The article presents the main stages of development of the surgical microscope, as well as a brief history of its use in various fields of surgery. Special attention is paid to the history of its introduction in neurosurgical practice. Considered the device of operating microscope, which despite the huge differences between the first and modern models, are not fundamentally changed. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of modern operating microscopes to display operating video in 3D format - for that considered the physiology of human stereoscopic vision, the importance of it for microneurosurgery, as well as modern transmission technology of three-dimensional image. Concluded with a description of a clinical case with using a surgical microscope 900 Pentero and prospects of application of three-dimensional images in the training of neurosurgeons.
References
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3. Одиноков С.Б., Маркин В.В., Павлов А.Ю. и др. Исследование амплитудной и фазовой модуляционных характеристик жидкокристаллического пространственного модулятора света в оптической системе голограф ической памяти // Вестник Московского государственного технического университета им. Н.Э. Баумана. Серия: Приборостроение. – 2011. - № 3. – С. 34-50.
4. Офтальмология. Учебник / Под ред. Е.И. Сидоренко – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2002. – 408 с.
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
REFERENCES
1. Byvaltsev V.A., Belykh E.G., Sorokovikov V.A. Microsurgical traning in neurosurgery. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013. – 144 p. (in Russian)
2. Li J.H., Dzung J.B. Stereoscopic image projection system using a filter with circular polarization module / patent na izobretenie. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007 (in Russian)
3. Odinokov S.B., Markin V.V., Pavlov A.Ju., et al. Investigation of amplitude and phase modulation characteristics of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the optical system of the holographic memory // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta im. N.Je. Baumana. Serija: Priborostroenie. – 2011. - №3. – P. 34-50. (in Russian)
4. Ophthalmology. Textbook / Ed. E.I. Sidorenko – Moscow: GJeOTAR-MED, 2002. – 408 p. (in Russian)
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
2. Ли Й.Х., Дзунг Й.Б. Проекционная система стереоскопического изображения с помощью модуля фильтра с круговой поляризацией / патент на изобретение. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007
3. Одиноков С.Б., Маркин В.В., Павлов А.Ю. и др. Исследование амплитудной и фазовой модуляционных характеристик жидкокристаллического пространственного модулятора света в оптической системе голограф ической памяти // Вестник Московского государственного технического университета им. Н.Э. Баумана. Серия: Приборостроение. – 2011. - № 3. – С. 34-50.
4. Офтальмология. Учебник / Под ред. Е.И. Сидоренко – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2002. – 408 с.
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
REFERENCES
1. Byvaltsev V.A., Belykh E.G., Sorokovikov V.A. Microsurgical traning in neurosurgery. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013. – 144 p. (in Russian)
2. Li J.H., Dzung J.B. Stereoscopic image projection system using a filter with circular polarization module / patent na izobretenie. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007 (in Russian)
3. Odinokov S.B., Markin V.V., Pavlov A.Ju., et al. Investigation of amplitude and phase modulation characteristics of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the optical system of the holographic memory // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta im. N.Je. Baumana. Serija: Priborostroenie. – 2011. - №3. – P. 34-50. (in Russian)
4. Ophthalmology. Textbook / Ed. E.I. Sidorenko – Moscow: GJeOTAR-MED, 2002. – 408 p. (in Russian)
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
Published
2018-04-16
How to Cite
БЫВАЛЬЦЕВ, Вадим Анатольевич; ЖДАНОВИЧ, Глеб Сергеевич; БЕЛЫХ, Евгений Георгиевич.
Operating microscope at spine and cranial operations: from monocular to 3D visualization.
Sibirskij Medicinskij Zurnal (Irkutsk) = Siberian Medical Journal (Irkutsk) 16+, [S.l.], v. 139, n. 8, p. 5-9, apr. 2018.
ISSN 1815-7572. Available at: <http://smj.ismu.baikal.ru/index.php/osn/article/view/211>. Date accessed: 01 jan. 2026.
Issue
Section
Scientific reviews
