ОПЕРАЦИОННЫЙ МИКРОСКОП ПРИ ВЕРТЕБРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И КРАНИАЛЬНЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЯХ: ОТ МОНОКУЛЯРА ДО 3D ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ
Аннотация
В статье представлены основные этапы развития операционного микроскопа - от простых выпуклых линз до современных многофункциональных моделей, а так же краткая история его применения в различных обла- стях хирургии. Особое внимание авторы уделили этапам его введения в нейрохирургическую практику. Рассмотрено устройство операционного микроскопа, которое, несмотря на огромную разницу между первой и современными моделями, принципиально не изменилось. Особое внимание авторы уделили возможности современных микроско- пов выводить операционное видео в 3D формате - в связи с чем рассмотрена физиология стереоскопического зре- ния у человека, значимость его для микронейрохирургии, а так же современные технологии передачи трехмерного изображения. Завершает статью описание клинического случая удаления невриномы L2 корешка с использованием операционного микроскопа Pentero 900 и перспективы развития применения трехмерного изображения в обучении нейрохирургов.
Литература
1. Бывальцев В.А., Белых Е.Г., Сороковиков В.А. Микрохирургический тренинг в нейрохирургии. – Новосибирск: Наука, 2013. – 144 с.
2. Ли Й.Х., Дзунг Й.Б. Проекционная система стереоскопического изображения с помощью модуля фильтра с круговой поляризацией / патент на изобретение. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007
3. Одиноков С.Б., Маркин В.В., Павлов А.Ю. и др. Исследование амплитудной и фазовой модуляционных характеристик жидкокристаллического пространственного модулятора света в оптической системе голограф ической памяти // Вестник Московского государственного технического университета им. Н.Э. Баумана. Серия: Приборостроение. – 2011. - № 3. – С. 34-50.
4. Офтальмология. Учебник / Под ред. Е.И. Сидоренко – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2002. – 408 с.
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
REFERENCES
1. Byvaltsev V.A., Belykh E.G., Sorokovikov V.A. Microsurgical traning in neurosurgery. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013. – 144 p. (in Russian)
2. Li J.H., Dzung J.B. Stereoscopic image projection system using a filter with circular polarization module / patent na izobretenie. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007 (in Russian)
3. Odinokov S.B., Markin V.V., Pavlov A.Ju., et al. Investigation of amplitude and phase modulation characteristics of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the optical system of the holographic memory // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta im. N.Je. Baumana. Serija: Priborostroenie. – 2011. - №3. – P. 34-50. (in Russian)
4. Ophthalmology. Textbook / Ed. E.I. Sidorenko – Moscow: GJeOTAR-MED, 2002. – 408 p. (in Russian)
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
2. Ли Й.Х., Дзунг Й.Б. Проекционная система стереоскопического изображения с помощью модуля фильтра с круговой поляризацией / патент на изобретение. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007
3. Одиноков С.Б., Маркин В.В., Павлов А.Ю. и др. Исследование амплитудной и фазовой модуляционных характеристик жидкокристаллического пространственного модулятора света в оптической системе голограф ической памяти // Вестник Московского государственного технического университета им. Н.Э. Баумана. Серия: Приборостроение. – 2011. - № 3. – С. 34-50.
4. Офтальмология. Учебник / Под ред. Е.И. Сидоренко – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2002. – 408 с.
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
REFERENCES
1. Byvaltsev V.A., Belykh E.G., Sorokovikov V.A. Microsurgical traning in neurosurgery. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2013. – 144 p. (in Russian)
2. Li J.H., Dzung J.B. Stereoscopic image projection system using a filter with circular polarization module / patent na izobretenie. RUS 2444033 06.11.2007 (in Russian)
3. Odinokov S.B., Markin V.V., Pavlov A.Ju., et al. Investigation of amplitude and phase modulation characteristics of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the optical system of the holographic memory // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta im. N.Je. Baumana. Serija: Priborostroenie. – 2011. - №3. – P. 34-50. (in Russian)
4. Ophthalmology. Textbook / Ed. E.I. Sidorenko – Moscow: GJeOTAR-MED, 2002. – 408 p. (in Russian)
5. Anzai A., DeAngelis G.C. Neural computations underlying depth perception // Curr Opin Neurobiol. – 2010. – Vol. 20(3). – P. 367-375.
6. Barraquer J.I., Barraquer J., Littman H. A new operating microscope for ocular surgery // Am J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 63(1). – P. 90-97.
7. Bloch E., Uddin N., Gannon L., et al. The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions // Br J Ophthalmol. – 2015. – Vol. 99(2). – P. 240-245.
8. Bradbury S. The evolution of the microscope – New York: Pergamon, 1967. – 367 p.
9. Buncke H.J. Microsurgery – retrospective // Clin Plast Surg. – 1986. – Vol. 13(2). – P. 315-318.
10. Buncke H.J. Forty years of microsurgery: what's next? // J Hand Surg Am. – 1995. – Vol. 20(3 Pt 2). – S34-45.
11. Dohlman G.F. Carl Olof Nylen and the birth of the otomicroscope and microsurgery // Arch Otolaryngol. – 1969. – Vol. 90 (6). – P. 813-817.
12. Donaghy R.M. The history of microsurgery in neurosurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 619-625.
13. Donaghy R.M. Neurosurgeon of the year: Mahmut Gazi Yasargil // Surg Neurol. – 1980. – Vol. 13(1). – P. 1-3.
14. Eivazi S., Afkari H., Bednarik R., et al. Analysis of disruptive events and precarious situations caused by interaction with neurosurgical microscope // Acta Neurochir (Wien). – 2015. – Vol. 157 (7). – P. 1147-1154.
15. Freeman R.D. Stereoscopic vision: Which parts of the brain are involved? // Curr Biol. – 1999. – Vol. 26. N9(16). – P. R610-613.
16. Hoerenz P. Magnification: loupes and the operating microscope // Clin Obstet Gynecol. – 1980. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 1151-1162.
17. House H.P., House W.F., Hildyard V.H. Congenital stapes footplate fixation // Laryngoscope. – 1958. – Vol. 68(8). – P. 1389-1402.
18. Jacobson J.H., Suarez E.L. Microsurgery in anastomosis of small vessels // Surg Forum. – 1960. – Vol. 11. – P. 243-245.
19. Janssen P., Vogels R., Liu Y., Orban G.A. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved // Neuron. – 2003. – Vol. 37. – P. 693-701.
20. Jaubert-Miazza L., Green E., Lo F.S., et al. Structural and functional composition of the developing retinogeniculate pathway in the // Vis Neurosci. – 2005. – Vol. 22(5). – P. 661-676.
21. Kalderon A.E. The evolution of microscope design from its invention to the present days // Am J Surg Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 7(1). – P. 95-102.
22. Kriss T.C., Kriss V.M. History of the operating microscope: from magnifying glass to microneurosurgery // Neurosurgery. – 1998. – Vol. 42 (4). – P. 899-907.
23. Malis L.I. Instrumentation and techniques in microsurgery // Clin Neurosurg. – 1979. – Vol. 26. – P. 626-636.
24. Mishima S., Takizawa S. Development in microscope designs // Adv Ophthalmol. – 1978. – Vol. 37. – P. 4-10.
25. Mollberg N.M., Parsad N.M., Armato S.G. Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Volume Rendering of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma // Int Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 97. – P. 65-70.
26. Nylen C.O. The otomicroscope and microsurgery // Acta Otolaryngol. – 1972. – Vol. 73(6). – P. 453-454.
27. Oppenlander M.E., Chowdhry S.A., Merkl B., et al. Robotic autopositioning of the operating microscope // Neurosurgery. – 2014. – Vol. 10 (2). – P. 214-219.
28. Pietrasanta M., Restani L., Caleo M. The corpus callosum and the visual cortex: plasticity is a game for two // Neural Plast. – 2012. -2012. – P. 838672.
29. Pool J.L., Colton R.P. The dissecting microscope for intracranial vascular surgery // J Neurosurg. – 1966. – Vol. 25(3). – P. 315-318.
30. Purtle H.R. History of the microscope. // The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique / Ed. P. Gray. – New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. – P. 252-260.
31. Roper-Hall M.J. Microsurgery in ophthalmology // Br J Ophthalmol. – 1967. – Vol. 51(6). – P. 408-414.
32. Smith J.W. Microsurgery of peripheral nerves // Plast Reconstr Surg. – 1964. – Vol. 33. – P. 317-329.
33. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope in ophthalmic surgery // Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. – 1965. – Vol. 63. – P. 335-348.
34. Troutman R.C. The operating microscope. Past, present and future // Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. – 1967. – Vol. 87. – P. 205-218.
35. Van Zuylen J. The microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // J Microsc. – 1981. – Vol. 121(Pt 3). – P. 309-328.
Опубликована
2018-04-16
Как цитировать
БЫВАЛЬЦЕВ, Вадим Анатольевич; ЖДАНОВИЧ, Глеб Сергеевич; БЕЛЫХ, Евгений Георгиевич.
ОПЕРАЦИОННЫЙ МИКРОСКОП ПРИ ВЕРТЕБРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И КРАНИАЛЬНЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЯХ: ОТ МОНОКУЛЯРА ДО 3D ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ.
Сибирский медицинский журнал (Иркутск) 16+, [S.l.], v. 139, n. 8, p. 5-9, апр. 2018.
ISSN 1815-7572. Доступно на: <http://smj.ismu.baikal.ru/index.php/osn/article/view/211>. Дата доступа: 23 дек. 2024
Выпуск
Раздел
Научные обзоры
